Research Literature Survey   

Adoption

Open Adoption

Special Needs Adoption

Genetic/Environment

Intercountry

Other

Children in Foster Care

Other Select Research References

Policy & Practice Literature Survey   

Adoption

Children in Foster Care

Avery, Rosemary J.
Information Disclosure and
Openness in Adoption:
State Policy and
Empirical Evidence.
Children and Youth Services Review
v 20, n 1-2 (1998):57-85.

Berry, Marianne; Dylla, Debora J.
Cavazos; Barth, Richard P.; &
Needell, Barbara.
The Role of Open Adoption in
the Adjustment of Adopted
Children and Their Families.
Children and Youth Services Review
v 20, n 1-2 (1998): 151-71.

     The researchers analyzed 700 adoptions by nonfoster parents and found that openness was no more or less likely among single parent adoptions, or relative adoptions, or in adoptions of healthy children. Among the major findings were: 1) The degree of openness had declined among families who chose openness under pressure from adoption agencies. 2) Openness appeared to have little impact on the adjustment of the families four years postadoption. Most measures of adjustment were positive. 3) Families in open adoptions reported higher levels of acceptance of the difference of adoptive families.

Henney, Susan M.; Onken,
Steven; McRoy, Ruth G.; &
Grotevant, Harold G.
Changing Agency
Practices Toward
Openness in Adoption.
Adoption Quarterly v 1, n 3
(1998): 45-76.

     The authors analyzed ways in which adoption agencies have changed their practice to encompass more openness in adoptions. Overall, the study found an increase in the number of agencies offering fully disclosed and mediated adoptions. In the late 1980s, 11 of the 31 agencies surveyed offered fully disclosed options; in 1993, 22 agencies offered fully disclosed options. Among the factors identified as contributing to the change were: client demand, changes in agency values, and competition from other agencies offering open adoptions.

Cleaver, Heady
Contact: The Social
Workers’ Experience.
Adoption & Fostering
v 21, n 4
(Winter 1997/98): 34-40.

     The impact of the Children Act 1989 in England and Wales, which was designed to foster contact between foster children and their families, is analyzed. According to interviews with 300 social workers, the Act has resulted in a considerable increase in the amount and frequency of contact visits; however, numerous obstacles remain to greater implementation.

Ryburn, Murray; McCaulay,
David; & Powell, Jo.
Public Attitudes to Post-
Adoption Contact.
Adoption & Fostering
v 21, n 4 (1997/98): 57-9.

     One hundred and fifty households in Great Britain were randomly sampled and asked if they approved of open adoption. Sixty-six percent of the respondents approved of or tended to approve of post-adoption contact. No significant differences were found when age, gender, ethnicity, and personal knowledge of an adoptee were controlled for in the survey sample. A large majority of the sample, 74 percent, felt that adopted people would want to search for their birthparents. Respondents with dependent children were more likely to hold that view.

Because many of the children awaiting adoption in the United States have been identified as having special needs, research on outcomes for older child and special needs adoption are of great value to the field.

PinderhugheS, Ellen E.
Short Term Placement
Outcomes for Children
Adopted After Age Five.
Children and Youth Services Review
v 20, n 3 (1998): 223-49.

     Three groups of children were compared: those adopted after the age of 5 (n=53), those adopted in infancy (n=33) and those remaining with their birthparents (n=33). Among the key findings was that the short term outcomes of children adopted after the age of 5 were affected by the birth family environment. Those children adopted after the age of 5 with the most stable birth family experiences tended to exhibit more behavior problems.
     Several differences were noted based on the race of the children in this study. African American children were adopted at a younger age, spent less time in the foster care system, tended to be less disabled, and were placed with single parents more often than Caucasian children.

Erich, Stephen & Leung, Patrick.
Factors Contributing to Family
Functioning of Adoptive
Children with Special Needs: A
Long Term Outcome Analysis.
Children and Youth Services Review
v 20, n 1-2 (1998): 135-50.

     Among the key findings of this study were that adoptive families with more children, who did not receive family therapy, who participated in religious activities, and who had fathers with less education were more likely to have a higher family functioning score.

Rushton, Alan; Quinton, David;
Dance, Cherilyn; & Mayes, Debbie.
Preparation for Permanent
Placement: Evaluating Direct
Work with Older Children.
Adoption & Fostering v 21, n 4
(Winter 1997/98): 41-48.

     This study followed the placement of 61 mostly Caucasian boys and girls aged between five and nine. The study analyzed the level of pre-placement preparation the children received from case workers and how this impacted the placement outcomes. Outcomes were measured by the extent of emotional and behavioral problems exhibited by the children. No links were found between the levels of service the children received and their placement outcomes. Only three of the placements had disrupted within one year. Not enough to identify factors associated with disruption.

Glidden, Laraine Masters, &
Cahill, Brigid M.
Successful Adoption of
Children with Down
Syndrome and Other
Developmental Disabilities.
Adoption Quarterly
v 1, n 3 (1998): 27-43.

     Five years after placement, families who had adopted children with Down Syndrome were compared with families who had adopted children with other types of disabilities. No evidence was found that children with Down Syndrome were easier to raise than children with other types of disabilities. The only variable that showed a measurable difference was depression of the adoptive mother at placement. Mothers of children with Down Syndrome reported being less depressed than the mothers of the other disabled children. Parents of Down Syndrome children reported less martial satisfaction than parents of children with other disabilities.

Researchers study adopted individuals and their adoptive and birth families to search for signs of the impact of genetics and the environment on various factors. Important findings regarding depression, aspects of personality, and obesity were recently released.

Beer, Jeremy M.; Arnold, Richard
D.; & Loehlin, John C.
Genetic and Environmental
Influences on MMPI
Factor Scales: Joint Model Fitting
to Twin and Adoption Data.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
v 74, n 3 (1998): 818-27.

     This study used data from The Texas Adoption Project to attempt to replicate findings from other studies which have indicated that shared environment has a significant impact on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory factor scales. Adopted children (N=186) and biological children (N=80) who were at least 14 years old completed the MMPI. Overall, the authors conclude that, genetically related individuals, whether they have lived together or not, tend to resemble each other more than do individuals who are not biologically related. Religious Orthodoxy appears to show a consistent effect of shared environment. Moderate effects of shared environment were found for the MMPI scales of Extraversion and Inadequacy.

Sorensen, T. I. A.; Holst, C.;
& Stunkard, A. J.
Adoption Study of Environmental
Modifications of the Genetic
Influences on Obesity.
International Journal of Obesity and
Research v 22, n 1 (January 1998): 73-81.

     The researchers examined the genetic and environmental influences on body mass index during childhood and adulthood. By utilizing a sample of 3,851 adopted adults, the authors concluded that adulthood body mass is genetically determined and is unaffected by a number of environmental conditions.

Eley, Thalia C.; et. al.
An Adoption Study of Depressive
Symptoms in Middle Childhood.
Journal of Child Psychiatry & Psychology
v 39, n 3 (1998): 337-45.

     This study compared 180 adopted children and their adoptive mothers with 227 nonadopted children and their biological mothers in the areas of depressive symptoms. The key finding from this study was that depressive symptoms show no evidence for genetic influence in middle childhood.
     There were no differences between the adoptive mothers and control mothers’ reports of their child’s depressive symptoms or between the adopted and control children’s rating of their own symptoms. The adoptive mothers were found to score slightly higher on neuroticism than the biological mothers.

Essley, Mary & Perilstein, Linda.
Eastern European Adoptions.
The Bulletin of the Joint Council on
International Childrenšs Services
(Spring 1998): 8. and (Online)
http://www.cradlehope.org/survey.html

     This study looked at 1,200 families who had adopted children from Eastern European orphanages. In the areas of health, attachment, adjustment, and development most of the children were reported by their parents to be doing well. The majority of the children were reported as having no delays or mild delays in their motor skills, emotional maturity, and physical size.

Mainemer, Henry; Gilman,
Lorraine C.; & Ames, Elinor W.
Parenting Stress in Families
Adopting Children From
Romanian Orphanages.
Journal of Family Issues v 19, n 2
(March 1998): 164-80.

     This article reports on parenting stress in three groups of parents. One group whose children had spent at least 8 months in a Romanian institution (N=39) were compared with parents of nonadopted children (N=43) and parents of adopted children who had spent under four months in Romanian institutions (N=23). A key finding was that those parents whose children had spent the greatest amount of time in an institution reported the highest levels of parenting stress related to the child’s behavior problems.

Westhues, Anne & Cohen, Joyce S.
The Adjustment of Intercountry
Adoptees in Canada.
Children and Youth Services Review
v 20, n 1-2 (1998): 115-34.

     This article reports on the authors’ study which included 123 adoptive mothers, 113 adoptive fathers, 155 intercountry adoptees and 121 siblings. Among the key findings was that the adolescents in this study felt a strong sense of belonging to their adoptive family. Intercountry adoptees were found to have higher levels of self-esteem than adolescents in the general population. The majority of both the male and female intercountry adoptees said they were comfortable or very comfortable with their racial background. A large majority of the adoptees also reported experiencing racism and discrimination. Overall, the authors report that the adopted adolescents are no less well adjusted than would be a representative sample of Canadian adolescents.

Other studies released in the past three months include an analysis of the motivations of prospective adoptive parents and a look at outcomes for single adoptive mothers. Also, new data from a longitudinal British study reports on the adjustment of a group of adopted individuals who are now in adulthood.

Collishaw, S.; Maughan, B.;
& Pickles, A.
Infant Adoption: Psychosocial
Outcomes in Adulthood.
Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology
v 33, n 2 (1998): 57-65.

     The researchers utilized a sample of adopted and nonadopted individuals pulled from the National Child Development Study to analyze levels of psychosocial functioning. Among the key findings were that adopted women showed very positive adult adjustment across a wide variety of domains. Adopted men were more likely than men in the comparison group to face employment related difficulties and to have fewer support groups to turn to.

Romero, DeAnn Sharon Cary.
Possible Selves and Parenting
Salience: Differences In
Openness to Assisted Repro-
duction and Adoption when
Confronted with Infertility.
Ph. D. diss., University of Notre Dame,1998.

     Attitudes toward assisted reproduction and adoption were assessed with college students (n = 142). An infertility manipulation which consisted of a videotaped role-play of a physician telling participants that there was a problem with their fertility, was utilized for the treatment group. Controls viewed the same physician on tape explaining that there appeared to be no problem with their fertility. Gender, sex-role orientation as assessed with the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, and possible selves for parenting as assessed by the Possible Selves Inventory were used for comparisons. The Parenting Questionnaire, which was developed for this study, was utilized to assess parenting salience and openness to assisted fertility and adoption.
     Gender, possible selves for parenting, and sex-role orientation were all found to be predictive of openness to assisted reproduction and adoption, with sex-role orientation having the strongest predictive capabilities. Women were much more open to assisted fertility and adoption than were men.

Siegel, Judith M.
Pathways to Single Motherhood:
Sexual Intercourse, Adoption
and Donor Insemination.
Families in Society: The Journal of
Contemporary Human Services
(January-February 1998): 75-82.

     Fifty-one older single mothers and fifty-one older married mothers were examined to determine if adoptive and donor mothers would report greater preparedness for motherhood and stability and possibly increased levels of current satisfaction than the sexual-intercourse single mothers. In general, there were more similarities than differences among the groups of mothers. Adoptive mothers were most likely to rate themselves as very satisfied with their lives.

Lindley, Bridget.
‘Partnership or Panic?’ A Survey
of Adoption Agency Practice on
Working with Birth Families in
the Adoption Process.
Adoption & Fostering
v 21, n 4 (Winter 1997/98): 23-33

     Fifty British adoption agencies were asked to describe methods they utilize to ensure that the birth family is involved in the adoption process. The author found that few agencies have policies in place for fully incorporating birth families into the decision making process. Examples of good practice models are also given.

Haugaard, Jeffrey J.
Is Adoption a Risk Factor
for the Development of Adjustment Problems?
Clinical Psychology Review
v 18, n 1 (1998): 47-69.

     The author reviews results from published studies dating back to the early 1960s which have examined the extent to which being adopted increases a child’s risk for the development of adjustment problems. Two hypotheses are put forth by the author to explain causes of the disparate findings of the clinically based and nonclinically based adoption studies.

Haugaard, Jeffrey J.;
Schustack, Amy; & Dorman,
Karen.
Searching for Birth Parents
by Adult Adoptees.
Adoption Quarterly
v 1, n 3 (1998): 77-83.

     The authors review seven studies conducted in recent years that have analyzed the search and reunion process from the prospective of all members of the adoption community.

Children enter foster care for numerous reasons and outcomes range from reunification with their family of origin, to adoption, to placement with relatives, to long-term foster care.

Takayama, John I.; Wolfe,
Ellen; & Coulter, Kevin P.
Relationship Between
Reason for Placement and
Medical Findings Among
Children in Foster Care.
Pediatrics
v 101, n 2 (February 1998): 201-7.

     The medical records of 749 children examined at a child protection center in San Francisco, California from October 1, 1991 to December 31, 1992 found 60 percent of the children in need of medical attention. Among the conditions reported in children six-years-old and younger, 27 percent had upper respiratory illnesses, 23 percent had developmental delay, and 21 percent had skin conditions. Medical conditions found in children seven to 12 years old included poor vision, dental caries, and upper respiratory illnesses. For the younger children, skin conditions were associated with neglect, no available care taker, and failed placement, and developmental delay with neglect and abandonment.

Garland, Ann F.; et al.
Minority Populations in
the Child Welfare System:
The Visibility Hypothesis
Reexamined.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
v 68, n 1 (January 1998): 142-46.

     The authors analyzed the population of children placed in out of home care in San Diego County California between May 1990 and October 1991 (n=1,332) to test the hypothesis that there is a higher probability that minority children will be placed in foster care when living in geographic areas where their proportions in the population are relatively low, compared to areas where their proportions are high. The authors found that consistent with other studies’ findings, minority children are overrepresented in foster care. The authors’ hypothesis, which stated that “...the racial/ethnic distribution of the minority child’s community of residence influenced the likelihood of foster placement...” held true for African American children only.

Mallon, Gerald P.
After Care, Then Where? Outcomes
of an Independent Living Program.
Child Welfare
v 77, n 1 (January-February 1998): 61­78.

     This article reports outcome data for 46 foster youths discharged from an independent living program in New York City from 1987 through 1994. Of the 46 subjects, all were male and 96 percent were youth of color. Scores on a life skills assessment instrument, case records, and interview findings were compared at entry into the independent living skills program, at discharge, and more than six months after discharge. Three-quarters of the subjects completed high school or GED, and 72 percent had full-time jobs at the time of discharge from the program. Employment increased to 78 percent at the time of follow-up. Average scores on the life skills assessment increased from entry to discharge, and almost all subjects reported having at least one supportive relationship.

Schmidt-Tieszen, Ada, &
McDonald, Thomas P.
Children Who Wait: Long Term
Foster Care or Adoption?
Children and Youth Services Review
v 20, n 1-2 (1998): 13-28.

     This study focused on 147 children who had been freed for adoption. The researchers sought to identify child characteristics that distinguish between those children whose permanency planning goal was long-term foster care and those whose goal was adoption. Children who were not European-American, were older, and had developmental disabilities were more likely to have the case plan of long-term foster care, while the presence of genetic or family risk factors increased the chances that adoption was the long-term goal.

Alexander, P. C.; et al.
Adult Attachment and Longterm Effects
in Survivors of Incest.
Child Abuse and Neglect
v 22, n 1 (January 1998): 45-61.

Ards, S.; Chung, C.; & Myers, S.L.
The Effects of Sample Selection Bias on
Racial Differences in Child Abuse
Reporting. Child Abuse and Neglect
v 22, n 2 (February 1998):103-15.

Burnette, D.
Grandparents Rearing Grandchildren:
A School-Based Small Group Intervention.
Research on Social Work Practice
v 8, n 1 (January 1998): 10-27.

Cohen, J.A. & Mannarino, A.P.
Interventions for Sexually Abused
Children: Initial Treatment Outcome
Findings. Child Maltreatment
v 3, n 1 (February 1998): 17-26.

Cohen, J.A., & Mannarino, A.P.
Factors That Mediate Treatment
Outcome of Sexually Abused Preschool
Children: Six- and 12-Month Follow-up.
Journal of the American Academy of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry
v 37, n 1 (January 1998): 44-51.

Coley R.L., & Chase-Lansdale, P.L.
Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood:
Recent Evidence and Future Directions.
The American Psychologist
v 53, n 2 (February 1998):152-66.

DePanfilis, D. &
Zuravin, S. J.
Rates, Patterns, and Frequency of Child
Maltreatment Recurrences Among
Families Known to CPS.
Child Maltreatment
v 3, n 1 (February 1998): 27-42.

Felton G.M., Parsons, M.A.
& Hassell, J. S.
Health Behavior and Related Factors in
Adolescents with a History of Abortion
and Never-Pregnant Adolescents.
Health Care Women Int
v 19, n 1 (January 1998):37-47.

Henshaw, S. K.
Unintended Pregnancy
in the United States.
Family Planning Perspectives
v 30, n 1 (1998): 24-29, 46.

Moore, E.; Armsden, G.; & Gogerty, P. L.
A Twelve-Year Follow-Up Study of
Maltreated and At-Risk Children Who
Received Early Therapeutic Child Care.
Child Maltreatment
v 3, n 1 (February 1998): 3-16.

Romie, E. S.; Rybicki, L. A.;
& Durant, R. H.
Pregnancy and Other Risk Behaviors
Among Adolescent Girls in Ohio.
Journal of Adolescent Health
v 22, n 1 (January 1998): 50.

Sharpe, T. M.
Attachment Style and Weight Concerns
in Preadolescent and Adolescent Girls.
International Journal of Eating Disorders
v 23 (January 1998): 41-44.

Stevens-Simon, C.; Kelly, L.;
Singer, D.; & Nelligan, D.
Reasons for First Teen Pregnancies
Predict the Rate of Subsequent Teen
Conceptions.
Pediatrics
v 101, n 1 (January 1998): 99

POLICY AND
PRACTICE LITERATURE SURVEY

Commentators have recently analyzed relevant policy issues including adoption subsidies, termination of parental rights, transracial adoption and intercountry adoption.

     The author presents an analysis of New York State implementation of the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act (P.L. 96-272) of 1980, and the impact on: children’s eligibility for adoption subsidy support; the adequacy of this subsidy in providing a quality of life for these children; and the security of this support throughout childhood.

Banks, Richard R.
The Color of Desire:
Fulfilling Adoptive Parent’s
Racial Preferences Through
Discriminatory State Action.
The Yale Law Journal
v 107, n 4 (January 1998): 875-

     The author investigates racial preferences in adoption and critiques both adoption policy issues and the overall spectre of race politics in America. Included in the discussion are the constitutionality of current policies and the causes and implications of the policy.

Berry, Marianne.
Adoption in an Era of
Family Preservation.
Children and Youth Services
Review v 20, n 1-2 (1998): 1-12.

     This article analyzes the political and social issues surrounding adoption and family preservation. A brief discussion is presented concerning reasonable efforts to preserve families before determining that termination of parental rights and adoption are appropriate.

Bussiere, Alice.
The Development of
Adoption Law. Adoption
Quarterly v 1, n 3 (1998): 3-25.

     The author presents an historical overview of adoption law in the United States and includes current legal issues surrounding rights of birth parents and open adoptions.

Craig, Toni L.
Establishing the Biological
Rights Doctrine to Protect
Unwed Fathers in Contested
Adoptions.
Florida State University Law Review
v 25, n 2 (Winter 1998): 391-

     State laws vary regarding the amount of protection offered to biological fathers involved in an adoption proceeding. The author of this article advocates for the introduction of a biological rights doctrine designed to ensure that full constitutional protection is offered to unwed biological fathers.

Elrod, L. D. & Spector, R. G.
A Review of the Year in
Family Law: Of Welfare
Reform, Child Support,
and Relocation.
Family Law Quarterly v 30, n 4
(Winter 1997): 765-809

     This article reviews legislation and court decisions enacted during 1996 that affect families. At the national level, laws addressed welfare reform, child support obligations, health insurance, small business job protection, and marriage. Internationally, the Hague Convention targeted child abduction, intercountry adoption, and the protection of minors. Of particular interest are laws that indicate a trend toward facilitating adoption, with earlier termination of parental rights and increasing the rights of unmarried coparents. States are also enacting incentives to encourage early establishment of paternity.

Hollingsworth, Leslie Doty.
Promoting Same-Race
Adoption for Children of Color.
Social Work
v 43, n 2 (March 1998): 104-16.

     The author argues against transracial adoption and discusses several issues relevant to promoting same race adoption including: 1) adoption by foster parents; 2) availability of minority families who want to adopt; 3) disparities in child welfare services related to ethnicity; 4) incorrect data on the number of minority children in foster care who are free for adoption; and 5) the role of poverty in contributing to out-of-home placements.

Metteer, Christine.
Hard Cases Making Bad Law:
The Need for Revision of the
Indian Child Welfare Act.
Santa Clara Law Review
v 28, n 3(1998): 419.

     The author reviews the history of the development of China as a source of children for international adoptions and discusses Chinese social policy in relation to child welfare.

Sarri, Rosemary C.; Baik, Yenoak;
& Bombyk, Marti.
Goal Displacement and Dependency
in South Korean-United States
Intercountry Adoption.
Children and Youth Services Review
v 20, n 1-2 (1998): 87-114.

     An analysis and history of the intercountry adoption program between the United States and Korea is given.

New information targeted at professionals working with children in foster care range from the laws enacted in 1997, to model programs and guiding principles of other policies.

Anonymous.
New Adoption Law.
The CQ Researcher
v 8, n 1 (January 9, 1998): 3, 6­7, 18

     This issue presents three articles about the 1997 Adoption and Safe Families Act, and its impact upon children in foster care.

Anonymous.
Should the Adoption of Foster
Children Be Made Easier?
The CQ Researcher
v 8, n 1 (January 9, 1998): 3

     This article discusses whether federal laws discourage the movement of children from foster care to adoption.

Anonymous.
Adoption Tax Identification
Numbers. The Tax Adviser
v 29, n 1 (January 1, 1998): 5.

     Information on how to obtain a tax identification number is given.

Draimin, Barbara H; et al.
Improving Permanency
Child Welfare v 77, n 1
(January-February 1998): 41-58.

     This article explores the development of two model programs, Project Talk and Project Care, designed to provide mental health and permanency planning services to families with advanced HIV disease or AIDS.

Loar, Lynn.
Making Visits Work.
Child Welfare v 77, n 1
(January-February 1998): 41­58.

     This article offers practical suggestions for improving interaction between parents and children during visits designed to increase the possibility of successful reunification.

Mason, Sally
Custody Planning with HIV-
Affected Families: Considerations
for Child Welfare Workers.
Child Welfare
v 77, n 2 (March/April 1998): 161-77.

     The article outlines the steps involved in working with mothers who are HIV infected and are considering surrendering their parental rights so that their children will have adoptive families.

McDonald, Jess; Craig, Conna; &
Herbert, Derek.
Will Additional Federal
Funding Improve Foster Care?
The CQ Researcher
v 8, n 1 (January 9, 1998): 17.

     The authors debate whether or not the proposed Adoption and Safe Families Act will improve foster care or if a shift away from government programs would be more beneficial.

Pine, Barbara A.; Walsh, Robin; &
Maluccio, Anthony N.
Participatory Management in
a Public Child Welfare Agency:
A Key to Effective Change.
Administration in Social Work
v 22, n 1 (1998) 19.

     The authors discuss successful participatory management strategies used by public child welfare agencies to improve efforts to reunify children in foster care with their families.

Schneiderman, Mel; Connors,
Margaret M.; Fribourg, Anne;
Gries, Len; & Gonzales, Mayu.
Mental Health Services for
Children in Out-of-Home Care.
Child Welfare v 77, n 1
(January-February 1998): 29-40.

     A framework and guiding principles for mental health service delivery are described that are consistent with the clinical needs of children in care and the child welfare goal of permanency. The model consists of three stages: prevention-evaluation; treatment; and maintenance. The mental health services should be coordinated with the social service system; target prevention as well as treatment; be individualized according to the reason for placement and the impact of placement; and be provided at specific stressful times during the placement.

Szilagyi, M.
The Pediatrician and the
Child in Foster Care.
Pediatric Review
v 19, n 2 (February 1998): 39-50.

     The author, a pediatrician, addresses the role of the physician in ensuring that children in foster care have access to services which optimize their physical, emotional, developmental, and mental health status.

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