Research Literature Survey 

Adoption

Children in Foster Care
 

Policy & Practice Literature Survey 

Adoption

Children in Foster Care

RESEARCH LITERATURE SURVEY

 

RESEARCH LITERATURE

Avery, Rosemary J.
Public Agency Adoption in New York 
State: Phase IV Report - An Analysis of 
New York State Adoption Photolisting 
Service: 1976-1997. 
Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, 
Department of Policy Analysis and 
Management. April 1999. 111 pages,
 

      New York was the first state to utilize a photolisting, often called "Blue Books," service. This report examines the effectiveness of this service in finding adoptive homes for waiting children in the foster care system. Overall, for children who had a case resolution, 72.7 percent were placed for adoption, 21.38 percent had aged out of the system and 5.75 percent were withdrawn from the system prior to placement. Ninety-six percent of the children entering foster care as infants were eventually placed for adoption compared to only 40 percent of those entering the system at age 12 or older. One of the key findings from the study was that, controlling for all other factors, sibling groups listed together on the same page, especially Black and Hispanic sibling groups, were significantly more likely to be placed for adoption. Overall, the earlier a child is listed, the greater the likelihood that the child will be adopted. For older children, children of color, and children with psychological problems, it appears that updating the listings does not increase their chance of placement. The author recommends alternative strategies for recruiting families for these children.

Beek, Mary. 
"Parenting Children with Attachment
Difficulties: Views of Adoptive 
Parents and Implications for Post- 
Adoption Services." 
Adoption & Fostering v 23, n 1 ,
(Spring 1999): 16-23.
 

       The author evaluates a post-adoption support program designed to offer advice, information and training to families having difficulty understanding and coping with attachment issues. The design of the support program included group meetings several times a year and discussions led by an expert on attachment theory. The parents identified issues that the groups had helped them to learn to manage, including: 1) acknowledging loss, 2) understanding the nature and the depth of trauma to the child; 3) educating others; 4) learning to nurture themselves and their families; and 5) developing a different concept of parenting.
       The author identifies necessary ingredients for successful post adoption support services as: services being readily available and without stigma attached; offering counseling; providing accurate advice, information, and training; and coordinating with other health, education and child and family psychiatry agencies. Other recommendations included the opportunity to meet in groups and to share experiences and provision of flexible respite care.

Carter, Veronica; Magee, Sally; 
and Thoday, Rosalind. 
"Adoption Information Exchange: 
Evaluation of a Letterbox System in a 
Local Authority." 
Adoption & Fostering ,
v 23, n 1 (Spring 1999): 24-30.
 

       The authors evaluated the effectiveness of a post office box system for maintaining contact between adoptive and birth families. At the time of the survey, 121 adoptive parents and 170 birth relatives were utilizing the service. Forty-eight birth relatives and sixty-two adoptive parents replied to the survey. Areas that were identified as being insufficient were: lack of acknowledgment of all transactions, lack of guidelines on how to write letters, such as what information to include, and lack of guidance regarding how to intervene with noncompliant parties.
Some adoptive parents were uncertain that the exchange of information was meeting the needs of the child, while others felt that the exchanges were laying the ground work for the child eventually meeting the birthparents.

Chandra, Anjani; Abma, Joyce; Maza, 
Penelope; and Bachrach, Christine. 
"Adoption, Adoption Seeking, and 
Relinquishment for Adoption in the 
United States." 
Advance Data n 306
(May 11, 1999): 1-16.,

        This article reports on the prevalence of adoption and relinquishment based on data gathered from a nationally representative sample of women surveyed in 1973, 1982, 1988, and 1995. The percent of women who have ever adopted a child declined from 2.1 percent in 1973 to 1.3 percent in 1995. Thirty-one percent of the 9.9 million women who reported that they had considered adoption had actually adopted a child. In 1995, 232,000 ever-married women took concrete steps toward adoption. The 1988 estimate was 204,000, suggesting that the demand for adoption has remained fairly stable. The prevalence of adoption increases with age, education, and incomes. The women surveyed expressed strong preferences toward the characteristics of a child they were willing to adopt, but also indicated they were willing to adopt a child with less desired traits. 

Finley, Gordon, and Aguiar, Lyndon J. 
"Adoption: Genetic Risk for Adoptee 
Psychopathology as a Function of Age of 
Birth Father and Birth Mother." 
Poster Presented at the Society for 
Research in Child Development, Biannual 
Meeting, Albuquerque, New Mexico, April,1999.,
 

        The authors conducted a secondary analysis of 581 adoptees who were part of a large adoption study in Iowa. This analysis sought to examine whether the age of birthparents at the time of placement is related to adoptee psychopathology. All birthparents in this sample had confirmed psychiatric diagnoses. The authors concluded that adoptees of very young birth fathers (13-17 years old) are at an increased risk of genetically transmitted problems with antisocial behaviors and alcohol problems. However, adoptees whose birthparents were older at the time of placement (41-62 years old) are at an increased risk of genetically transmitted problems with depression. The authors suggest that "...when there is a disturbed genetic background in the birthfamily, the personality structure and genetic makeup of the youngest birthparents differs from that of the oldest birthparents and that these differences are genetically linked to the differential risk of adoptee psychopathology."

Grotevant, Harold D.; Ross, 
Nicole M.; Marchel, Mary Ann; 
and McRoy, Ruth G. 
"Adaptive Behavior in Adopted Children: Predictors from Early Risk, Collaboration in Relationships Within the Adoptive Kinship Network, and Openness Arrangements." 
Journal of Adolescent Research 
v 14, n 2 (April 1999): 231-47. 
 

        The authors examined socioemotional outcomes in 190 adopted children. The researchers sought to identify the effects of both preadoption risk factors and current adoptive family functioning on the child. The relationship between varying degrees of openness in adoption and outcomes for children was examined as well.
        In this study sample, there was no linkage between early risk factors and socioemotional development 4 to 12 years postadoption. However, the researchers note, this was a very low risk group for negative preadoption factors. Situations of abuse, neglect, and multiple foster placements were almost nonexistent.
        The researchers conducted an extensive evaluation of the 12 cases in which the children had the highest risk scores. Both adoptive parents and the birth mothers were interviewed. Each of these adoptive kinship networks were assigned a rating on collaboration. The authors believe that the quality of the interaction among the adoptive parents and birth family members involved in the child's life accounts for the variance in child outcomes. Among the families who were rated low on collaboration in relationships, there often existed differing perceptions between the birth and adoptive parents about the level of openness in the adoption. Those who ranked in the middle in collaboration tended to be committed to making openness work but were having difficulty on certain issues. Those families who ranked the highest exhibited the attitude that openness was in their child's best interest and both sets of adults had found a comfortable way to interact.

Golombok, Susan; Murray, Clare; 
Brinsden, Peter; and Hossam,
Abdella.
"Social versus Biological Parenting: Family Functioning and the Socioemotional Development of Children Conceived by Egg or Sperm Donation." 
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 
v 40, n 4 (May 1999): 519-27.
 

        The researchers compared families with a child conceived by in vitro fertilization; families with a child conceived by donor insemination; families with a child conceived by egg donation; and families with an adopted child. At the time of the study, the children ranged in age from four years-old to eight years-old. Information about genetic parentage had been kept secret from all of the children conceived by donor insemination and all but one of the children conceived by egg donation. All of the adopted children had been told that they were adopted.
        Overall, there were no reported differences in the emotional or behavior problems of the children in the various types of families. Nor were there differences between the children in their perception of their competence or social acceptance. Psychological well-being among mothers and fathers was highest in families where there was no genetic link between the mother and the child. The authors conclude that the lack of a genetic relationship does not lead to negative developments between parents and child. 

McGuinness, Teena.
"Mitigating the Effects of Institutionalizations: Factors in Adoptive Families that Make a Difference." 
Adoptive Families 
v 32, n 3 (May/June 1999): 22-25.
 

        The author reports on her study of 105, 6 to 9 year-old children adopted from orphanages in the former Soviet Union by parents from the U.S. At the time of the study, the children had been living with their families for at least two years. She sought to identify which factors in the adoptive family environment promoted competence in the child. The author focused on the degree to which family members help and support one another (Cohesion), and the degree to which family members directly communicate their feelings to one another (Expressiveness). The author concluded that "the relationship between risk and competence was mediated by family environment."

Mulcare, S. Lynn, and Aguinis, Herman.
"Effects of Adoptive Status on Evaluations of Children." 
Journal of Social Psychology 
v 139, n 2 (April 1999): 159-72. 
 

        The researchers presented 129 undergraduate students with written scenarios describing a playground aggression supposedly committed by a seven-year-old. Among the childÕs attributes, which were provided as part of the description, was his adoptive status. The researchers performed a series of analyses to examine the effects of adoptive status and rater gender on the evaluations of the children. A key finding of the study was that no statistically significant difference existed between the ratings of adopted versus nonadopted children, either by male or female raters. The authors theorize possible explanations for this finding: 1) despite contrary statements, there may be no negative stereotype of adopted children; 2) adoption may not be a stigmatizing attribute for the college age population that participated in this survey; or 3) while the process of adoption may be sterotyped negatively, these views may not extend to the children.

Neil, Elsbeth.
"The Sibling Relationships of Adopted Children and Patterns of Contact after Adoption." 
Adoption & Fostering 
v 23, n 1 (Spring 1999): 59-60.
 

        This article presents preliminary findings from a study of 209 adopted children and focuses on results related to sibling relationships. Eighty-five of the adopted children had birth siblings. Over half of the children had siblings living elsewhere in two or more locations. Thirty-two percent of the children with siblings who had been adopted had a birth sibling in their adoptive family. Ongoing contact was more likely when a sibling lived with a grandparent or aunt/uncle than with a birth parent.

O'Connor, Thomas G.; Bredenkamp, Diana; and Rutter, Michael.
"Attachment Disturbances and Disorders in Children Exposed to Early Severe Deprivation." 
Infant Mental Health Journal 
v 20, n 1 (Spring 1999): 10-29.
 

        The authors examined attachment processes in a group of 111 children who had spent time in Romanian institutions and were later adopted. These children were compared with a group of 52 adopted children who had never resided in an institution. The core behavior the researchers examined was the extent the children demonstrated social interactions that could be characterized as having a superficial and impersonal quality, and rarely reciprocal in nature. Two key findings were that children adopted as young as three months exhibited attachment disorder behaviors and a substantial number of non-institutionalized adopted children exhibited the same behaviors. Also of note, a considerable number of children who displayed indiscriminate behavior when first adopted did not display attachment disturbance at the age of four. The authors stress that children who exhibit some degree of inappropriate social approach do not necessarily have attachment disorder. Based on their study, the researchers think that it is unlikely that either malnutrition or cognitive impairment play a causal role in attachment disorders.

Peters, Beth R.; Atkins, Marc S.; and McKay, Mary McKernan.
"Adopted Children's Behavior Problems: A Review of Five Explanatory Models." 
Clinical Psychology Review
v 19, n 3 (April 1999): 297-325. 
 

        The authors classified research that seeks to explain the causes of behavior problems in adopted children into five descriptive models: 1) genetic or biosocial factors, 2) pathogenesis of the adoption process, 3) impaired preadoption childrearing, 4) referral bias in adoptive parents, and 5) impaired adoptive parent-adoptee relations.
        Based on a review of 21 genetic studies, the authors conclude that evidence for genetic or biosocial factors in adopted childrenÕs behavior problems is mixed. At best, it can be said that certain environmental conditions activate a genetic predisposition in a small group of adoptees. The authors reviewed six studies that examined ways in which negative preadoptive experiences impacted behavioral outcomes and concluded that the studies indicate that negative preadoption experiences may impact the severity of maladjustment. 
        The authors conclude that studies that have examined loss in the adoption process and adoptee/adoptive parent relationships have not found strong relationships between these dynamics and adoptee behavior problems. 
        The researchers reviewed nine studies that examined the high referral rate for adoptees to both inpatient and outpatient psychiatric facilities. Overall, the reviewers conclude that evidence from these studies support the notion that adoptive parents may seek mental health services more often than do nonadoptive parents. 
        The researchers express the need for more comparison studies between adoptive and nonadoptive families in which both sets of children are exhibiting behavior difficulties. They add that little research has been done to identify the characteristics in adoptive and nonadoptive families which promote prosocial behavior in children.

Valley, Stephen; Bass, Barbara; and Speirs, Carol Cumming.
"A Professionally Led Adoption Triad Group: An Evolving Approach to Search and Reunion." 
Child Welfare 
v 78, n 3 (May/June 1999): 363-79.
 

        This article reports on the evaluation of a search and reunion support group developed in 1996 by the McGill University School of Social Work in Quebec. Participants consisted of seven individuals, primarily adopted persons, but biological mothers and adoptive mothers attended as well. The group met eight times over a four month period. A preseminar and postseminar questionnaire was administered to the attendees. An analysis of the questionnaire indicated that the participants felt more secure after the group experience than before. They also felt somewhat less angry. The researcher discovered that it was important for the group leaders to encourage the attendees to discuss common concerns such as loss and loyalty.

 
 
 
       The interaction between child welfare professionals and foster parents and children in foster care can play a crucial role in the effectiveness of the foster care system. Two recent studies demonstrated how professionals can impact upon foster parents, whether through their perceptions or through their failure to treat foster parents in a respectful manner. Also presented is an analysis of one state's efforts to address complaints regarding the treatment of children while under the care of the child welfare system.

Bearup, Richard S., and Palusci, Vincent J. 
"Improving Child Welfare Through a Children's Ombudsman." 
Child Abuse & Neglect 
v 23, n 5 (1999): 449-57. 
 

       This article examines how establishing an ombudsman's office can improve case management and service provision in child welfare agencies. The state of Michigan instituted an Office of Children's Ombudsman to investigate complaints regarding harm to children while in the care of child protection systems. In the first 18 months of its existence, January 1, 1995 to June 30, 1996, the Office investigated 443 referrals involving 820 children. The majority of the complaints, 258, involved Child Protective Services. Fifty-nine complaints involved foster care and 31 complaints involved adoption services. The Office also received 433 complaints which were not investigated because they did not meet the required criteria. The Office identified 209 cases in which "administrative acts" of child protective services, foster care or adoption agencies led to real or potential harm to children. Thirty-four percent of the complaints investigated involved serious physical harm or fatality. Fifteen other states have established similar ombudsman programs.

Beeman, Sandra, and Boisen, Laura.
"Child Welfare Professionals' 
Attitudes Toward Kinship 
Foster Care." 
Child Welfare 
v 78, n 3 (May/June 1999): 315-37.
 

       The authors surveyed 261 child welfare professionals practicing in Minnesota regarding their perceptions of and attitudes toward kinship foster care. The researchers compared the responses of Caucasian professionals and professionals of color to determine if differences in perceptions exist. Most workers agreed that children were better off being placed with kin rather than nonkin, that kinship foster care can be beneficial to the child in his/her identity formation and that kin foster care carries less stigma for the child than nonkin foster care.
        Some differences were found between Caucasian workers and workers of color. In general, workers of color held more positive views of kinship foster care. Caucasian professionals tended to believe that kinship foster placements were more difficult to supervise than nonkin placements. Workers of color did not hold this perception. The two groups also held different views about what payment rate they believed that kinship foster parents should receive. Workers of color tended to feel more strongly that kinship foster parents should be paid the same rates as unrelated foster parents.

Catalano, Ralph A.; Lind, 
Samuel L.; Rosenblatt, Abram 
B.; and Attkisson, C. Clifford. 
"Unemployment and Foster Home Placements: Estimating the Net Effect of Provocation and Inhibition."
American Journal of Public Health
v 89, n 9 (June 1999): 851-55. 177-87
 

       The authors used data collected in California to examine their hypothesis that a relationship exists between unemployment rates and foster home placements. Previous research had documented a relationship between poor economic factors and reported child abuse and neglect. Monthly prevalence of foster home placements in California during the test period ranged from 21,512 to 53,385. The researchers documented a statistical relationship between monthly increases in seasonally adjusted unemployment and monthly changes in the number of foster home placements. The authors conclude that placements associated with unemployment may have represented a meaningful fraction of the increases in total placements. They also conclude that families who lose benefits through welfare reform are at increased risk of experiencing more foster home placements.

Denby, Ramona; Rindfleishch, 
Nola; and Bean, Gerald
"Predictors of Foster Parents' Satisfaction and Intent to Continue to Foster."
Child Abuse & Neglect 
Child Abuse & Neglect 

       The researchers sought to examine foster parents' satisfaction and its relationship to their desire to continue to foster parent. Based on a survey of 539 licensed foster parents in the state of Ohio, the authors conclude that recruitment efforts are not nearly as important in increasing and retaining the number of quality families as are the support, training, and professional regard given to foster parents after they have begun to care for children. The researchers found that foster parents who are treated with respect and positive regard by agency social workers are more satisfied. The level of satisfaction was a critical factor in the intent to continue being a foster parent. The factor most likely to decrease the desire to foster was being unprepared to deal with the difficult behavior of a foster child.
       Suggestions for ways in which agencies can increase foster parent satisfaction include elevating the role of foster parenting to one of a para-professional, providing increased training on ways to handle difficult child behavior, and developing methods of support such as respite schedules.

Dubner, Allison E., and Motta, Robert W 
"Sexually and Physically Abused Foster Care Children and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder."
.Journal of Consultation and Clinical Psychology
v 67, n 3 (June 1999): 367-73.

       Three groups of children in foster care were compared to examine any possible relationship between child abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous studies have reported conflicting findings regarding the prevalence of PTSD among sexually abused children. The groups compared were 50 sexually abused, 50 physically abused, and 50 nonabused foster children. The sample consisted primarily of African American and Hispanic males ranging in age from 8 to 19 years old. However, the majority of the females in the study were in the sexually abused group. The researchers used multiple measures to assess PTSD. The results indicated that sexually and physically abused children demonstrated PTSD at a high level. The authors believe that the fact that the children in this study had experienced multiple instances of trauma may explain the high percentages of PTSD in the two groups. Over 60 percent of the sexually abused foster children were diagnosed with PTSD. Preadolescents (children 8 to 12 years of age) demonstrated more severe PTSD than early adolescent children. And, proportionately more girls than boys were diagnosed with PTSD.

Petr, Chirstopher G.
"Privatization of Foster Care in Kansas: A Cautionary Tale."
Social Work
v 44, n 3 (May 1, 1999): 263-67.

POLICY AND PRACTICE
LITERATURE SURVEY

Practice concerns such as genetic testing, interstate issues, paternity registries, and considerations for custody arrangements when adoptive parents divorce have all been the subject of recent articles.

Adlard, Carole R. 
"An Effective Adoption Education 
Program That Can Be Replicated."
Adoption Quarterly v 2, n 3 (1999): 9-27.

       This article presents an overview of an array of adoption education programs designed by Adoption Option Inc. The programs target counselors who work with pregnant women/teenagers and their families, teachers of family life/sex education classes aimed at teenagers, and members of the media. The initiatives for professionals provide an introduction to adoption's role in history, discuss the impact of negative perceptions about the adoption process and give advice on how to talk about adoption issues to adolescents. The organization also provides support and mentor services for pregnant women and their family members. The founder of the program feels that its success can easily be replicated in other areas.

Barth, Richard P. 
"Setting Performance Goals for Adoption Services: Estimating the Need for Adoption of Children in Foster Care." 
Adoption Quarterly 
v 2, n 3 (1999): 29-38.

       The author argues that rewarding agencies strictly for the number of finalized adoptions, which Adoption 2002 incentives are designed to do, does not take into consideration the fact that adoption is not always the appropriate goal for children who are removed from their homes. He recommends a method of rewarding agencies that is based on consideration of the possibility of reunification and which takes into account the number of adoptable children only. The author presents a model for estimating these factors.

Brooks, Catherine M. 
"An Essay on Inter-jurisdictional 
Issues in Adoption: Where is This 
Child Not My Child?" 
Creighton Law Review 
v 32, n 4 (April 1999): 1045-61

Department of Health and Human 
Services. Office of Inspector General.
Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children: Implementation.
New York: Office of the Inspector General, 
March 1999. 12 pages.

       The purpose of this report was to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the implementation of the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children. The Interstate Compact was designed to ensure that children placed or moved across state lines receive adequate protection and services. The survey identified four main weaknesses: 1) lack of knowledge about the Compact among judges, attorneys, and caseworkers; 2) placements in violation of the Compact; 3) the lengthy process; and 4) differing adoption laws among states that may hinder placements.
       Several recommendations were made to strengthen the program and to increase the level of knowledge about the Compact. Included among them were: 1) increase the opportunities for training for professionals, 2) circulate pamphlets among agencies and workers, and 3) develop a web site that would explain the purpose of the Compact. The report also included suggestions for decreasing the length of time the process takes and for examining the process for residential placements.

Leshne, Liane. 
"Wrongful Adoption: Fewer 
Secrets and Lies, but Agencies 
Still Fail at Full Disclosure."
Trial 
v 35, n 4 (April 1999): 14-17.

       The author discusses court cases in which adoptive parents have brought wrongful adoption charges against agencies. Courts have recognized cases involving intentional acts of misrepresentation of background information as well as negligent provision of inaccurate information. Many states have laws requiring disclosure of a child's background and medical information to adoptive parents. Acquiring adequate background information can be a challenge for those professionals working in the fields of international adoptions and foster care adoptions.

McCafferty, Charlotte. 
"The Breakdown of 
Voluntary Agreements - 
Problems and Solutions."
Family Law 
v 29 (April 1999): 233-36.

Mass, Mili. 
"Legal Parenthood and 
Continued Parent-Child 
Relationships-The Moral 
and Experiential Aspects of 
Parenting."
Adoption Quarterly v 2, n 3 ( 1999): 39-69.

       The author provides assessment guidelines for choosing whether confidential adoption, open adoption, or out of home placement is best for a child who has been removed from their parent's home because of inadequate parenting. Three cases from the Israeli court system are used to illustrate the decision making process. Key to the process is what the author defines as two different aspects of parenting, the moral aspect-the actual ability of the parent to provide for the child and the experiential aspect-the quality of the relationship between the child and parent. While some parents are unable to fulfill the moral aspect of parenting the attachment between the child and parent is quite strong. In these cases, the author recommends arrangements other than confidential adoption.

Miller, Laurie C. 
"Internationally Adopted 
Children--Immigration Status." 
(Letter to the Editor) Pediatrics 
v 103, n 5 (May 1999): 1078.

The issues addressed in the literature include recommendations for dealing with the challenges of seeking adoptive homes for teenagers, ethical considerations regarding testing foster children for genetic disease, and a critique of one example of privatization of foster care.

OTHER SELECT REFERENCES

Bleichrodt, N., Hoksbergen, Renee. A. C., and Khire, Usha. "Cross-Cultural Testing of Intelligence." Cross-Cultural Research v 33, n 1 (February 1999): 3-25.

Blyth, Eric. "Secrets and Lies: Barriers to the Exchange of Genetic Origins Information Following Donor Assisted Conception." Adoption & Fostering v 23, n 1 (Spring 1999): 49-58.

Broad, Bob. "Improving the Health of Children and Young People Leaving Care." Adoption & Fostering v 23, n 1 (Spring 1999): 40-48.

Canham, Hamish. "The Development of the Concept of Time in Fostered and Adopted Children." Psychoanalytic Inquiry v 19, n 2 (1999): 160-71.

Dietz, Patricia M.; Adams, Melissa M.; Spitz, Alison M.; Morris, Leo; Johnson, Christopher H.; and The PRAMS Working Group. "Live Births Resulting from Unintended Pregnancies: Is There Variation Among States?" Family Planning Perspectives v 31, n 3 (May/June 1999): 132-136.

Dye, Jane Lawler, and Presser, Harriet B. "The State Bonus to Reward a Decrease in 'Illegitimacy': Flawed Methods and Questionable Effects." Family Planning Perspectives v 31, n 3 (May/June 1999): 142-47.

Fahrenhorst, Irene. "Adoption and Child Welfare: A German Point of View with Special Regard to the European Convention on Human Rights." Tilburg Foreign Law Review v 7, n 3 (1999): 185.

Golan, M. "Anorexia Nervosa Treated in a Foster House Setting: A Case Report." Journal of the American College of Nutrition v 18, n 2 (April 1999): 186-8.

Holody, Richard. "Toward a New Permanency Planning: How Kinship Care Can Vitalize the Foster Care System." Arete v 23, n 1 (Winter 1999): 1.

Mason, Kathy; Selman, Peter; and Hughes, Mike. "Permanency Planning for Children with Down¹s Syndrome." Adoption & Fostering v 23, n 1 (Spring 1999): 31-39.

McMillen, J. Curtis, and Tucker, Jayne. "The Status of Older Adolescents at Exit from Out-of-Home Care." Child Welfare v 78, n 3 (May/June 1999): 339-60.

Ribner, David S., and Wolowelsky, Joel B. "A Note on Mourning an Adoptive Parent in an Orthodox Jewish Family." Journal of Family Social Work v 3, n 2 (1999): 79.

Saul, Rebekah. "Teen Pregnancy: Progress Meets Politics." The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy v 2, n 3 (June 1999): 6-9.

       The Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute is committed to developing and implementing a high quality education program that responds to the needs of adoption professionals and others who work in the field. 

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Madelyn Freundlich
       Executive Director
Shella Brenner
       Director of Development
Debbie Martin 
       Director, Information Management
       & Research Resources
Aline Kahn 
       Policy and Practice Analyst
Lisa M. Grant
       Executive Assistant
Adam Cotton
       Information Specialist
 

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