Research Literature Survey 

Adoption

Children in Foster Care
 

Policy & Practice Literature Survey 

Adoption

Children in Foster Care
 

Other Select References

RESEARCH LITERATURE SURVEY

 

RESEARCH LITERATURE

Finley, Gordon E.
"Unheard Voices: Adoptive Fathers on the
Adoption Process and Adoptive Fatherhood."
Presented at the International Conference on Adoption Research,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 10-14, 1999. 
 

      Eighty-five first time adoptive fathers answered open ended questions about adoptive fatherhood and the adoption process. The majority of the respondents viewed adoptive fatherhood in an extremely positive light. The five reasons most frequently stated for their positive views were: most exciting/satisfying experience of their lives; tremendous love for the child; emotionally powerful impact on the father's life; fatherhood is "the best"; and adoptive fatherhood is not different from biological fatherhood. All of the negative responses were directed at the adoption process.

Grotevant, Harold D.; Fravel, Deborah Lewis; 
Gorall, Dean; and Piper, Joyce. 
"Narratives of Adoptive Parents:
Perspectives from Individual and Couple Interviews." 
Monographs of the Society for Research v 64, n 2 ,
(1999): 69-83.
 

       The researchers examined family narratives in a sample of 27 adoptive families. One third of the families had confidential adoptions, one third had ongoing mediated adoptions, and one third had fully disclosed adoptions.
       For some couples, the story telling proceeded in a linear fashion, while other couples told their story in a more non-linear fashion. For wives, greater overall narrative coherence in the couple discussion than in the individual interview was significantly related to less marital satisfaction. A key finding was that individual interviews of adoptive parents in more open adoptions demonstrated more coherence than the interviews of adoptive parents in confidential or mediated adoptions. The researchers conclude that because families with confidential or mediated adoptions have only partial relationships with their child's birth family members it is more difficult for them to have the information they need to create and tell a coherent story.
       The authors make recommendations for using the narrative process in helping preadoptive families to think about developing a "story" that is inclusive of a child's birth culture.

Larson, Gretchen Joann. 
The Parenting Experiences of Infertile Couples Who Adopt.  
Ph.D. dissertation, ,
Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 1999.
 

       The author explored the issues of expectations, sense of entitlement and claiming, changes in the family system, and bonding and attachment in four Caucasian couples who had adopted Caucasian infants. The couples in this study were found to be conventional and overly optimistic and view themselves as being better parents than biological parents due to their experience with infertility. Another key finding was that these couples strove to enhance the differences between their children and themselves in an effort to develop each child's unique talents and capabilities.

McCarthy, Dolores Elizabeth. 
Identity Issues of Parents Who 
Adopt Children Internationally.  
Ph.D. dissertation,
City University of New York, 1999.

        The researcher explored how 26 couples who adopted internationally constructed their identities in relation to the adoption. Parents tended to construct multiple identities including the identity of parent, the identity of adoptive parent and the identity of internationally adoptive parent. The parents exhibited a range of identification with the child's birth culture, from mild to strong. In general, those parents whose children most resembled them in physical appearance were less likely to identify with the birth culture. Those parents who had identified with the birth culture prior to adoption and/or whose children were most different from them in appearance were more likely to identify with the birth culture and engage in more cultural practices that connected them to the birth culture.  

Momaya, Mausami Lalji. 
Motivation Towards International Adoption. 
Masters' Thesis, California State University,  
Long Beach, California. 1999.,
 

        The author reviewed the case files of 55 couples seeking to adopt internationally. The majority of the parents had indicated a preference for a female child and a preference to adopt from Romania. The primary reasons for seeking to adopt were reported as: infertility, single status, to provide a sibling for their child, humanitarian reasons, and cultural reasons.

White, Barbara J.  
The Effect of Perceptions of Social Support
and Perceptions of Entitlement on Family Functioning
in Deaf-Parented Adoptive Families. 
Ph.D. dissertation,  
Catholic University of America, 1999. 
 

        The author surveyed 55 deaf parents who had adopted a deaf child to determine the effects of the parents' perceptions of social support and their perceptions of adoptive parent entitlement on their family functioning. A major finding was that social support was a significant predictor of family functioning. Deaf adoptive parents received considerable support from social networks within the deaf community rather than from formal adoption service providers. The parents in this study felt an unconditional sense of entitlement to their adopted children.

Other

Researchers continue to search for both genetic and environmental contributions to antisocial behaviors and schizophrenia and continue to report findings that reflect the power of both genetics and the environment. The findings of a major study of adult Korean adoptees was released in September.

Askren, Holli Ann,  
and Bloom, Kathaleen C.
"Postadoptive Reactions of the Relinquishing Mother: A Review."  
JOGNN  
v 28, n 4 (July/August 1999): 395-400.
 

        The authors compared the results of 12 studies that have examined the relinquishment process and identified four major themes: grief reaction, long-term effects, efforts to resolve, and influencing factors. All of the studies reported that birth mothers exhibited characteristics that typify the normal grief response. The studies revealed two coping mechanisms by which the relinquishing mother attempts to provide closure to the adoption experience: fantasies and searching behavior. Although the data are conflicting, birth mothers' subsequent grief response and long-term adjustment were affected by whether the adoption was open or closed. Some studies reported that birth mothers who participate in open adoptions are more content with their decisions. However, other studies reported that birth mothers in open adoptions experienced more difficulties.  

Bausch, Robert S.,  
and Serpe, Richard T.
"Recruiting Mexican American 
Adoptive Parents."  
Child Welfare  
v 78, n 5 (September/October 1999): 693-716.
 

        This study of 591 Mexican Americans identified various potentially effective recruitment strategies to increase the number of Mexican American prospective adoptive parents. Based on their research, the authors recommend several approaches to increase the pool of Mexican American adoptive parents: 1) increase financial assistance; 2) disseminate more information; 3) employ more bilingual staff in adoption agencies; 4) offer support groups led by Latinos; and 5) adjust assessment criteria related to income and marital status. Specific recruitment strategies are likely to increase interest among Mexican Americans who indicate that they are likely to adopt or that they are undecided about adoption.  

Deater-Deckard, Kirby; Fulker,  
David W.; and Plomin, Robert.
"A Genetic Study of the 
Family Environment in the  
Transition to Early Adolescence."  
Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 
v 40, n 5 (July 1999): 769-75.
 

        The aim of this longitudinal sibling adoption study was to estimate genetic and environmental components of variance in parent- and child- reported measures of the family environment (parental negative affect, negative control, and achievement orientation). Participants included 85 adoptive and 106 nonadoptive sibling pairs from the Colorado Adoption Project. Parents and children completed annual assessments of the family environment when the children were 10, 11, and 12 years old, and genetic and environmental parameter estimates were derived. Genetic influences were found for parent-reported negativity and warmth and child-reported achievement orientation, suggesting child genetic effects on these measures of the family environment. Shared environmental influences were found for parent-reported negativity, inconsistent discipline, warmth, and child-reported positivity. Nonshared environmental variance was substantial for children's ratings, but modest for parents' ratings.  

Evan B. Donaldson  
Adoption Institute.
Survey of Adult Korean Adoptees:  
Report on the Findings. 
New York: Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute, 
September 1999. 28 pages.
 

        This study examined 167 adult Korean adoptees (all of whom were at least 21 years of age and adopted between the years 1956 and 1985) who, with the exception of four respondents, registered for the First International Gathering of Korean Adoptees, held in Washington, D.C., September 9-12, 1999. Some of the study's key findings related to the respondents' views of their own ethnicity and their experiences with discrimination as they were growing up. 1) Only 28% of the respondents considered themselves Korean-American or Korean-European as they were growing up; by contrast, 64% of the respondents, as adults, viewed themselves as Korean-American or Korean-European. 2) Respondents with higher levels of education and respondents adopted at older ages had higher levels of identification with their Korean heritage. 3) The majority of respondents reported that they had experienced some form of discrimination while they were growing up. Race was cited more than twice as often as the basis for discrimination than adoption.  

Gennetian, Lisa A.  
"The Supply of Infants  
Relinquished for Adoption: 
Did Access to Abortion  
Make a Difference?"  
Economic Inquiry  
v 37, n 3 (July 1999): 412-31.
 

        The author examined three years of aggregate state level data to determine the impact of abortion access on the supply of infants relinquished for adoption. She concludes that abortion access affected the supply of infants relinquished during the 1980s in two different ways: 1) the supply of infants relinquished was reduced, and 2) the total number of unwanted births decreased. 

Joseph, Jay. 
"A Critique of the Finnish Adoptive  
Family Study of Schizophrenia." 
The Journal of Mind and Behavior 
v 20, n 2 (Spring 1999): 133-54.
 

        The author evaluates the findings from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia, one of the more recent efforts to test the hypothesis that schizophrenia has a genetic component. The author focuses on theoretical and methodological problems with the study. He concludes that the study's failure to find a schizophrenia rate greater than the rate in the general population indicates that the study cannot be regarded as having produced evidence in favor of the genetic theory of schizophrenia. Researchers from the Finnish Study team had previously announced a finding of both genetic background and disturbed family environment as contributing factors. 

McLeod, Andrew C.;  
Crawford, Isiaah; and Zechmesiter, Jeanne.  
"Heterosexual Undergraduates' Attitudes
Toward Gay Fathers and Their Children."  
Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 
v 11, n 1 (1999): 43-62.
 

        One hundred and fifty-one self-reported heterosexual undergraduate students were asked to evaluate vignettes depicting either a gay male couple or heterosexual couple and their adopted son along the dimensions of parenting ability, degree to which the child's problems were attributable to the parental relationship, and any difficulties the child may be perceived as exhibiting. The researchers found that the students perceived that boys raised by gay fathers experienced greater confusion regarding sexual orientation and gender identity. Analyses indicated that these assumptions were significantly predicted by the participants' stereotype of gay men as effeminate. The student's political conservatism and religious beliefs had less impact on their assumptions.  

Moore, Janette, and Fombonne, Eric.  
"Psychopathology in Adopted and Nonadopted 
Children: A Clinical Sample." 
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 
v 69, n 3 (July 1999): 403-9.
 

        Of a total of 4,507 children referred to the Maudsley Hospital, in South London, between 1983 and 1996, 178 were adoptees. There were significantly more boys in the adopted group. Adoptive families with high socioeconomic status were overrepresented compared to the nonadoptive psychiatric controls. Adopted children were significantly more likely to be referred by parents, while the nonadopted group were more likely to be referred by probation services. Several important findings emerged from this study. Both adopted boys and adopted girls were at increased risk of disruptive behavior, including conducts disorders and ADHD. In this particular study, age at time of adoption was not related to psychopathology. Also, children with prior experience of physical abuse were overrepresented among adoptees with a diagnosis of ADHD. 

Ryan, Scott D. 
"Examining Social Workers' Placement 
Recommendations of Children with  
Gay & Lesbian Adoptive Parents."  
Presented at the International Conference on Adoption Research,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 10-14, 1999.
 

        The author examines the "best interest of the child" model, how it is utilized in determining child placements and how that model impacts upon the recommendation for placing children with gay and lesbian adoptive parents. This study measured the attitudes of social workers employed in a major metropolitan area in the Eastern United States. One of the study's most important findings was that training on the topic resulted in workers exhibiting a more positive view of gay and lesbian adoptive parents. A positive attitude was found to be related to an affirmative placement recommendation. 

Sherrill, Caroline L., and Pinderhughes, Ellen E. 
"Conceptions of Family and  
Adoption Among Older Adoptees."  
Adoption Quarterly 
v 2, n 4 (1999): 21-47.
 

        The authors compared samples of 15 adopted and 15 nonadopted children ages 8-11 to examine possible differences in the understanding of family and adoption. No group differences were discovered in children's basic understanding of family or adoption. Several interesting findings emerged from the adopted sample. Older adoptees were more likely to be more accepting of nontraditional families and to view nontraditional families as typical. Children with more experience in foster care and children who had lived in the adoptive home longer displayed higher levels of family understanding and a more realistic perspective of the permanence of the placement. Adoptees who lived in their new homes less than four months were more likely than children in their adoptive homes for longer periods of time to understand that birth mothers could disrupt the placement and less likely to understand that the legal system could disrupt the placement. 

Stoolmiller, Mike.  
"Implications of the Restricted Range  
of Family Environments for Estimates  
of Heritability and Nonshared Environment 
in Behavior-Genetic Adoption Studies." 
Psychological Bulletin  
v 125, n 4 (1999): 392--409.
 

        The author examines the representativeness of adoptive families participating in research studies that attempt to measure the effects of shared environment on childhood outcomes for IQ and antisocial behavior. He concludes that adoptive family environments are "severely restricted" compared with the larger population of American families. The majority of adoption studies focus on families that tend to be Caucasian, older, more affluent, of higher socioeconomic status, maritally stable, and better functioning. The arguments put forth by the author imply that behavior-genetic adoption studies might seriously underestimate the importance of shared environment and overestimate the importance of genetic influences. 

 
 
 
  Service Programs

Researchers are examining and evaluating service programs designed to empower adoptive parents and adoption professions to more effectively improve the lives of children with special needs.

Hughes, Daniel A.  
"Adopting Children with Attachment Problems."  
Child Welfare 
v 78, n 5 (September/October 1999): 541-60. 
 

       The author outlines healthy and disordered attachment patterns and discusses the types of parenting characteristics that may predict which families may successfully parent children with attachment difficulties. Children with attachment disorders may exhibit a number of characteristics including: little empathy for others, limited awareness of the consequences of their behavior, little guilt and remorse, difficulty expressing thoughts and feelings, and poor discrimination among relationships. Potential adoptive parents should be able to communicate empathy, acceptance, affection, curiosity, and playfulness and have the ability to set limits. Therapeutic intervention and other post-adoptive support services are discussed.

McCarthy, Carolyn; Waterman, Jill;
Burge, Dorli; and Edelstein, Susan B.
"Experiences, Concerns, and  
Service Needs of Families Adopting  
Children with Prenatal Substance Exposure:  
Summary and Recommendations." 
Child Welfare  
v 78, n 5 (September/October 1999): 561-77.
 

       The authors interviewed 20 adoptive parents of children with prenatal drug exposure. A key finding was that the first few months after the placement is a particularly stressful time for families. Almost half of the parents felt significant distress caused by the child's moods, demandingness, inability to adapt, and distractability during the transition period. Overall, the parents found the experience to be challenging, but more rewarding than they had imagined. The authors make recommendations for post adoption services for families.

Tyrrell, Christine, and Dozier, Mary. 
"Foster Parents' Understanding of
Children's Problematic Attachment
Strategies: The Need for
Therapeutic Responsiveness."
Adoption Quarterly
v 2, n 4 (1999): 49-64.
 

       The authors interviewed 25 foster parents and 25 biological parents to ascertain their knowledge level about children's insecure attachment strategies and foster care issues. In general, the authors report that foster mothers' level of understanding of children's attachment issues is not very different from that of biological mothers. Also, the number of attachment related difficulties reported by parents were compared for 25 foster children and 25 biological children. Foster parents reported a significantly greater number of attachment-related difficulties for their foster children than the biological mothers reported for their biological children. Foster children in an early placement group demonstrated fewer attachment difficulties than foster children in the later placed group.
       The authors report on their specialized training program that has been successful in teaching foster mothers to reinterpret their children's alienating behaviors and to develop different responses to the behavior.

Other

In examining the effects of various systems, researchers have identitied areas for improvement in service delivery and prevention.

Avery, Rosemary J.  
"Identifying Obstacles to Adoption
in New York State's
Out-of-Home Care System."
Child Welfare
v 78, n 5 (September/October 1999): 653-71.

       This articles reports on a study of existing obstacles to adoption in a sample of 77 children in New York State. The children had been waiting for a permanent placement for an extended period of time, approximately 11.79 years. The study suggests that children who wait the longest are more likely to have substantial disabilities. Children who wait are more likely to have siblings in the system, but less likely to have a goal of being jointly placed with those siblings. These data suggest that interest had been expressed by prospective adoptive parents in more than half of the children at some point in time. Many of the caseworkers in the study viewed the children's emotional ties to others in their lives as an obstacles to placement. The author suggests that the benefits of "open adoption" may be a viable option in these cases.

Festinger, Trudy, and Pratt, Rachel.
Speeding the Adoption Process:
Evaluation of the Adoption
Expediting Unit Project.
New York: New York City Families for Kids of the Administration for Children's Services and the Shirley M. Ehrenkranz School of Social Work,
New York University. June 1999. 29 pages.

       Through development of the Adoption Expediting Unit (AEU) Project, New York City Families for Kids of the Administration for Children's Services sought to decrease the time between freeing children for adoption and the delivery of completed adoption packets to adoption attorneys. Approximately 90 percent of the children in the service group had been adopted by the target date, compared to a much lower 34.1% of comparison children. The average time for the service group of children between becoming available for adoption and adoption finalization was 3.4 years.
       The researchers conclude that the AEU succeeded in shortening the time that 271 children spent in foster care, and attribute the success to three changes made in the handling of adoption cases: 1) The normal shift in case planning responsibility between DFCS and DCA did not take place; 2) An additional worker‹an adoption expeditor ‹was added to the case; and 3) The transfer of case records between DFCS and DCA was eliminated.

Duyme, M.; Dumaret A.C.;
and Tomkiewicz S.
"How Can We Boost IQs
of 'dull children'?:
A Late Adoption Study."
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
v 96, n 15 (July 1999): 8790-4.

       From 5,003 files of adopted children, 65 deprived children, (defined as abused and/or neglected during infancy), were selected because they met two criteria: 1) They were adopted between 4 and 6 years of age, and 2) they had an IQ (86 (mean = 77, SD = 6.3) before adoption. The average IQs of adopted children in lower and higher socioeconomic status (SES) families were 85 (SD = 17) and 98 (SD = 14.6), respectively, at adolescence. The results show: 1) a significant gain in IQ dependent on the SES of the adoptive families, 2) IQs after adoption are significantly correlated with IQs before adoption, and 3) during adolescence, verbal IQs are significantly lower than performance IQs.

Poertner, John; Bussey, Marian;
and Fluke, John.
"How Safe are Out-of-
Home Placements?"
Children and Youth Services Review
v 21, n 7 (1999): 549-63.

       Few studies have examined the safety of children in out-of-home care. This article reports on the results of a study of the rate of abuse and neglect for substitute care for a large state public child welfare agency over a five- year period between July 1, 1992 and June 30, 1997. Re-abuse rates are reported by type of substitute care placement and are examined by age of child, type of abuse and perpetrator relationship for each type of out-of-home placement.
       For children living in kinship care, which is nearly half of all children in state custody, the re-abuse rate ranged from 1.4% to 2.6%. The average rate for the five-year period was 1.9%. Twenty-two percent of children in state care are placed in family foster care. The re-abuse rate for these children ranged from 2.2% to 2.6%. The five-year average rate was 2.5%
       Only 1 percent of the children in state custody live in adoptive homes. Adoptive placement re-abuse rates ranged from 1.3% to a high of 1.9% with the five year average being 1.6%. The pattern of abuse was quite different in adoptive placements, with 47.0% being lack of supervision, 30.4% being substantial risk of harm, and 25.2% being physical abuse.

Freundlich, Madelyn.  
"Adoption and Ethics:
The Hard Questions."
Adoptive Families  
v 32, n 4 (July/August 1999): 9-12.

       This article presents a framework for examining the underling values in contemporary adoption policy and practice. The concept, "best interest of the child," is considered from an individual level and from a systems level. At the individual level, case scenarios are presented to highlight core values such as respect, beneficence, autonomy, and knowledge. Questions such as "Is adoption service fair to all of those who are served by adoption?" introduce a discussion about fairness and equity with how adoption is currently practiced.
       The article concludes by identifying four key areas that represent ethical challenges for current and future adoption policy and practice: the impact of adoption on members of the adoption triad; the role of race culture, and national origin on adoption; the market forces of adoption; and the relationship between adoption and emerging reproductive technologies.

Gartrell; Nanette; Banks, Amy; 
Hamilton, Jean; et. al.
"The National Lesbian Family Study: 2. Interviews with Mothers and Toddlers."
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 
v 69, n 3 (July 1999): 362-69.

       This articles reports on the second follow-up of a group of lesbian families in which the children were conceived by donor insemination. Among the key findings were that all co-mothers who lived in counties were they were eligible to adopt their children (n=16) had done so. The adoptive co-mothers unanimously agreed that the adoption provided both internal and external legitimacy to their parenting role.

OTHER SELECT REFERENCES

Cole, Kimberly Ann.
Lived Experience of Relationships in the Adult Female Adoptee.
Master's Thesis, Medical College of Ohio at Toledo, 1999.

Gamrath, Celia Guzaldo.
"Equitable Adoption: A New Breed of Children."
American Journal of Family Law
v 13, n 3 (Fall 1999): 195.

Gardner, Helen.
"Reflections on Research and Perceptions of Family as Applied to Foster Care and Adoption."
Presented at the International Conference on Adoption Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 10-14, 1999. (Online: http://fsos.che.umn.edu/mtarp/Papers.htm)

Gunnar, Megan.
"Studying Stress Physiology in Internationally Adopted Children."
Presented at the International Conference on Adoption Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 10-14, 1999. (Online: http://fsos.che.umn.edu/mtarp/Papers.htm)

Hartigan, Erin.
Adjustment of Adopted Female Adolescents.
Master's Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 1999.

Hoksbergen, Rene.
"The Long-term Effects of a Lack of Stability, Sensitivity, and Stimulation on Children Adopted from a Foreign Country."
Presented at the International Conference on Adoption Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 10-14, 1999. (Online: http://fsos.che.umn.edu/mtarp/Papers.htm).

Kanefield, Linda.
"The Reparative Motive in Surrogate Mothers."
Adoption Quarterly
v 2, n 4 (1999): 5-19.

Landsburg, Sophie Lorin Nichols.
Development of an Instrument to Assess Feelings of Abandonment in Adopted Adolescents.
Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Maryland at Baltimore, 1999.

Mohr, Wanda; Gelles, Richard J.; and Schwartz, Ira N.
"Shackled in the Land of Liberty: No Rights for Children."
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science v 564 (July 1999): 37.

Munro, E.
"Common Errors of Reasoning in Child Protection Work."
Child Abuse & Neglect
v 23, n 8 (August 1999): 745-58.

Neil, Elsbeth.
"The Contact after Adoption Study."
Presented at the International Conference on Adoption Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 10-14, 1999. (Online: http://fsos.che.umn.edu/mtarp/Papers.htm).

Pollard, Susan A.
The Effectiveness of Group Workshops in Addressing Issues of Open Adoption. Master's Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 1999.

Ross, Elspeth; Henderson, Ida; and McKay, Verna.
"Disruption: Part of the Adoption Journey."
Presented at the International Conference on Adoption Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 10-14, 1999. (Online: http://fsos.che.umn.edu/mtarp/Papers.htm).

Rowe, E., and Eckenrode, J.
"The Timing of Academic Difficulties among Maltreated and Nonmaltreated Children."
Child Abuse & Neglect
v 23, n 8 (August 1999): 813-32.

Sandrock, Letitia Sue.
An Evaluation of Fost-Adopt, A Pilot Project to Expedite Permanent Placement for Children Unlikely to Return to the Birth Family.
Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, 199.

Singh, Susheela, and Darroch, Jacqueline E.
"Trends in Sexual Activity Among Adolescent American Women: 1982-1995."
Family Planning Perspectives
v 31, n 5 (September/October 1999): 212-19.

Smith, Susan L., and Howard, Jeanne A.
"Adoption Preservation in Illinois: Results of a Four-Year Study."
Presented at the International Conference on Adoption Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 10-14, 1999. (Online: http://fsos.che.umn.edu/mtarp/Papers.htm).

Schwartz, Ira; Weiner, Neil Ala; and Enosh, Guy.
"Myopic Justice? The Juvenile Court and Child Welfare."
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science v 564 (July 1999): 126.

Unknown.
"Accessing Adoption Data."
The Kansas City Genealogist v 39, n 3 (Winter 1999): 140.

Webster, Daniel Leonard.
California's Group Care Population: A Longitudinal Analysis of Placement Dynamics and Outcomes.
Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1999.

       The Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute is committed to developing and implementing a high quality education program that responds to the needs of adoption professionals and others who work in the field. 

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Madelyn Freundlich
       Executive Director
Debbie Martin 
       Director, Information Management
       & Research Resources
Deborah Hayes  
       Director of Development
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       Program Assistant
Joy Kim Lieberthal
       Policy Analyst
Premila Reddy
       Development Associate
 

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